Breach of Confidentiality The Legal Implications Essay Example For Students

Breach of Confidentiality: The Legal Implications Essay When You Are Seeking TherapyAbnormal Psychology 204 November 2, 1996Breach of Confidentiality: The legal Implications when You are seeking Therapy I. The need for confidentiality in therapy A. Establish trust B. A patients billof rights Thesis: The duty to warn has created an ethical dilemma forpsychological professionals. II. Therapists face a moral problem B. Requirement by law to breach confidentiality C. Exceptions for breachingconfidentiality D. Prediction of violence E. Impact on client I. The futureoutlook for therapy A. Conflicting views between the legal and psychologicalprofessionsPeople are afraid to admit to themselves and others that they need to help toresolve their psychological problems. This is due to the social stigma whichsociety attaches to people, when they seek assistance from a mental healthprofessional. Consequently it is very difficult for any person to establish atrusting relationship with their therapist, because they fear, that thetherapist might reveal their most personal information and emotions to others. Health professionals therefore created the patients bill of rights to installconfidence between clients and therapists. The patient has a right to everyconsideration of privacy concerning his own medical care program. Casediscussion, consultation, examination, and treatment are confidential and shouldbe conducted discreetly. Those not directly involved in his care must have thepermission of the patient to be present. The patient has the right to expectthat all communications and records pertaining to his care should be treated asconfidential. ( Edge, 63 ) This bill of rights enables clients to disclose allpersonal information without fears. To fully confide in the therapist isessential to the success of the therapy. On the other hand, the therapist islegally obliged to breach this trust when necessary. The duty to warn hascreated an ethical dilemma for psychological professionals. The duty to warn isbased on a court ruling in 1974. Tatiana Tarasoff was killed by Prosenjit Poddar. Prior to the killing Poddar had told his therapist that he would kill Tatianaupon her return from Brazil. The psychologist tried to have Poddar committed,but since the psychiatrist overseeing this case failed to take action, Poddarwas never committed nor was Tarasoff warned about Poddars intentions to kill her. This failure resulted in Tatianas death. The Supreme Court therefore ruled thatthe psychologist had a duty to warn people which could possibly become harmed (Bourne, 195-196 ). This policy, to warn endangered people, insures thattherapists must breach there confidentiality for specific reasons only. Thesefew exceptions are:Harm Principle: When the practitioner can foresee a danger to an individual who is outside the patient/provider relationship, potentially caused by the patient, the harm principle provides the rationale for breaching confidentiality to warn the vulnerable individua ( Edge, 63 ). When the client is a potential danger to himself or herself ( Bourne,487 ). If the client is a criminal defendant and uses insanity as a defense ( Bourne, 487 ) If the client is underage and the therapist believes that he or she is the victim of a crime (such as child abuse) ( Bourne, 487 ). The breach for a clients insanity defense would have been helpful in deciding afamous court case in 1843: the McNaghtens case. McNaghten used the insanitydefense, when he was faced with the charge of killing Sir Robert Peeles privatesecretary. A jury had to decide, if he was conscious of the act or if he wastemporary insane ( McCarty, 299-300 ). The jury clearly didnt have theprofessional training to make a competent decision. How did they establish ifMcNaghten knew right from wrong at the time of the crime? Therefore they wereincompetent when deciding that he, indeed, was temporarily insane. Now thesedeterminations are made by qualified mental health professionals. Neverthelessother obstacles are still being encountered. In the beginning the law providesclear guidelines when to breach confidentiality. The Harm Principle is one ofthe guidelines. But how can a therapist absolutely determine, that a clientpresents harm to another individual? To say that someone is dangerous is topredic t future behavior. The rarer an event, the harder it is to predictaccurately. Hence if dangerousness is defined as homicide or suicide, both ofwhich are rare events, the prediction of dangerousness will inevitably involvemany unjustified commitments as well as justified ones ( Alloy, 570 ). Thetherapist must predict the capacity for violence in the client. There are noguidelines to establish such a diagnose. All that is mandated by the opinionis that the therapist exercise that reasonable degree of skill, knowledge, andcare ordinarily possessed and exercised by members of their particularprofession under similar circumstances. Within the broad range of reasonablepractice and treatment in which professional opinion and judgment may differ,the therapist is free to exercise his or her own best judgment withoutliability; proof aided by hindsight, that he or she judged wrongly isinsufficient to establish negligence ( Annas, 198 ). Magnesium Essay PaperMental health practitioners however focus on the well-being of the individual. To protect and serve the general population as commanded by the courts createdan ethical dilemma for psychological professionals. The courts force them to actcontradicting to their professional beliefs and ethics. Therapists reason thatwhen they must serve the public they cannot successfully treat their clients. Orhow can they treat an individual at all, if the person wont consider enteringtherapy do to the possibly grim consequences ? Highly advanced communicationdevises erode our personal privacy more every day. Now the court system seems tofollow this trend. Therapists are trying to fight these developments andquestion the true motives of the court system. More research has to be conductedto find better alternatives. Maybe this ethical dilemma can be resolved in thefuture, maybe more ethical dilemmas will surface. We are all individuals andshould be treated with our own individual interests in mind. Maybe we shouldindulge in more economic thinking, to fuse the well-being of the in dividual withthe well-being of the general population and thereby eliminating the ethicaldilemma. Economic theory can verify, that when individuals act in their own bestself-interest, the population as a whole will benefit from it, too. Thiseconomic principle also applies to psychology. ReferencesAlloy, L. B., Acocella, J., Bootzin, R. R. ( 1996 ) . Abnormal psychology . USA: McGraw-Hill . Annas, G. J. ( 1988 ) . Judging medicine . New Jersey:Humana Press . Bourne, L. E., Jr., Ekstrand, B. R. ( 1985 ) . Psychology: Itsprinciples and meaningsUSA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston . Edge, R. S., Groves, J. R. ( 1994 ) . Theethics of health care . USA: Delmar Publishing . McCarty, D. G. ( 1967 ) . Psychology and the law . New Jersey: Prentice-HallBreach of Confidentiality: The legal Implications when You are seeking Therapy I. The need for confidentiality in therapy A. Establish trust B. A patients billof rights Thesis: The duty to warn has created an ethical dilemma forpsychological professionals. II. Therapists face a moral problem B. Requirement by law to breach confidentiality C. Exceptions for breachingconfidentiality D. Prediction of violenceCategory: Science

Marketing segmentation Essays - Marketing, Market Economics

Marketing segmentation Name Affiliation There are four major steps in designing a customer driven marketing strategy. They include market segmentation, differentiation, market targeting and positioning (Armstrong, et al 2013). Market segmentation Market segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing up the total market if all the people in the organization can sell its products or service. So this is the process of dividing up the total market into measurable, identifiable and discrete groups that share common characteristics or the needs and whose communication messages and reactions about products or services are similar (Armstrong, et al 2013). Market targeting The organization needs to start by first identifying a range of possible segments in the market and then start the targeting process. This process can be termed as a re-evaluation of the segments and the profiles that are matched against the resources and the core competencies to identify the attractive segments to target. It involves evaluating every market segment's attractiveness and selecting the market segment to enter (Armstrong, et al 2013). Differentiation In regards to differentiation there are some examples of product differentiation, they include channel differentiation, service differentiation, image differentiation and people differentiation. Promotion differentiation can be superior, distinctive, communicable, affordable, pre-emptive and profitable. Differentiation involves differentiating the market offing so that a superior customer value is created (Armstrong, et al 2013). Positioning The positioning of the product process involves making of fine adjustments to the service in accordance to the research conducted in the marketing planning process and the creation of an image of the service which meets the target market values. The position can be made up of the core competencies or the specific value requirements of the target group. For every target segment, adjustments are made in the market mix. Positioning involves arrangement of the market offing so as to occupy a clear, distinctive and a desirable place that is relative to the competing products to the target consumers (Armstrong, et al 2013). Question 2 behavioral segmentation In behavioral segmentation, the marketers divide the buyers into groups on the basis of the customer's knowledge and attitude towards the use of, or response to a product. Occasion: the occasion marks the time of the day, week, month, year or the other defined aspects of the life of a customer. The marketers can distinguish the buyers according to the occasion when a product is brought or when a product is brought. An example is air travel that is triggered by occasions that are related to vacation or business. The greeting cards are designed according to the festival season that trigger their buying like new year, Christmas, wedding anniversaries, valentine's day and teachers day and the birth of a child. Dry fruits, chocolates and sweets are specifically packed for the festivals like Diwali and Holi. Occasion segmentation helps in expanding the product usage (Armstrong, et al 2013). Benefits Not everybody gets the same benefits from the products they buy. The benefits based and needs based segmentation is used widely because it identifies the distinct market segments that clear marketing implications. An example in this case is shampoo that offers several benefits like basic cleaning, shine and bounce, conditioning, suitability for different hair types and dandruff control (Armstrong, et al 2013). User status Not everybody uses all the products. Every product has its potential users, non users and ex-users, regular and first time users. An example here is the blood donors that cannot rely on regular donors to supply them with blood, they should go ahead and recruit new first time donor and also be in a position to contact ex donors, this is done with different marketing strategy (Armstrong, et al 2013). Usage rate In the markets the segmentation is done according to light, medium and heavy product users. The heavy users are not so many but they account for a high percentage of the total consumption. An example here is the usage of cellular phones. The cellular phone service providers do the calculation of their average revenue per user and the heavy account user for a larger part of the revenue more than the casual users (Armstrong, et al 2013). Loyalty status Companies gain a lot by analyzing the

Romanesque Architecture Essays - Church Architecture, Basilica, Nave

Romanesque Architecture THE BASILICA AND BASILICAN CHURCHES A great deal of conjecture has been expended on the question as to the genesis of the Roman basilica. For present purposes it may be sufficient to observe that the addition of aisles to the nave was so manifest a convenience that it might not improbably have been thought of, even had models not been at hand in the civic buildings of the Empire. The most suitable example that can be chosen as typical of the Roman basilica of the age of Constantine is the church of S. Maria Maggiore. And this, not merely because, in spite of certain modern alterations, it has kept in the main its original features, but also because it departs, to a lesser extent than any other extant example, from the classical ideal. The lateral colonnade is immediately surmounted by a horizontal entablature, with architrave, frieze, and cornice all complete. The monolithic columns, with their capitals, are, moreover, homogenous, and have been cut for their position, instead of being like those of so many early Christian churches, the more or less incongruous and heterogeneous spoils of older and non-Christian edifices. Of this church, in its original form, no one however decidedly his tastes may incline to some more highly developed system or style of architecture will call in question the stately and majestic beauty. The general effect is that of a vast perspective of lines of noble columns, carrying the eye forward to the altar, which, with its civory or canopy, forms so conspicuous an object, standing, framed, as it mere, within the arch of the terminal apse, which forms its immediate and appropriate background. S. Maria Maggiore is considerably smaller than were any of the other three chief basilicas of Rome (St Peter's, St. Paul's, and the Lateran). Each of these, in addition to a nave of greater length and breadth, was furnished (as may still be seen in the restored St Paul's) with a double aisle. This, however, was an advantage which was not unattended with a serious drawback from a purely esthetic point of view. For a great space of blank wall intervening between the top of the lateral colonnade and the clerestory windows was of necessity required in order to give support to the penthouse roof of the double aisle. And it is curious, to say the least, that it should not have occurred to the builders of those three basilicas to utilize a portion of the space thus enclosed, and at the same time to lighten the burden of the wall above the colonnade, by constructing a gallery above the inner aisle. It is true, of course, that such a gallery is found in the church of S. Agnese, where the low-level of the floor relatively to the surface of the ground outside may have suggested this method of construction; but whereas, in the East, the provision of a gallery (used as a gynaeceum) was usual from very early times, it never became otherwise than exceptional in the West. Taking East and West together, we find among early and medieval basilican churches examples of all the combinations that are possible in the arrangement of aisles and galleries. They are the single aisle without gallery, which is, of course, the commonest type of all; the double aisle without gallery, as in the three great Roman basilicas; the single aisle with gallery, as in S. Agnese; the double aisle with single gallery, as in St. Demetrius at Thessalonica; and finally, as a crowning example, though of a later period, the double aisle surmounted by a double gallery, as in the Duomo at Pisa. These, however, are modifications in the general design of the building. Others, not less important, though they are less obviously striking, concern the details of the construction. Of these the first was the substitution of the arch for the horizontal entablature, and the second that of the pillar of masonry for the monolithic column. The former change, which had already come into operation in the first basilica of St. Paul without the Walls, was so obviously in the nature of an improvement in point of stability that it is no matter for surprise that it should have been almost. universally adopted. Colonnaded and arcaded basilicas, as we may call them, for the most part older than the eleventh century, are to be found in the most widely distant regions, from Syria to Spain, and from Sicily to Saxony; and the lack of examples in Southern France is probably due

Religion Reading Response #5 Essays - Baptism, Infant Baptism

Religion Reading Response #5 Essays - Baptism, Infant Baptism Madeline Stickler February 26,2016 Reading Response #5 Professor Ryan Menno Simons Menno Simons was born in in 1496 and ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood in 1524. Four years after the Anabaptist movement began, at the age of 32, Menno studied the Bible to see if the Anabaptists claims about errors in Catholic teachings were correct. He gradually conceded they were. In 1536, at the age of 40, Menno left the Catholic Church and began living the stressful, dangerous life of an outcast Anabaptist. Mennos main focuses were on baptism, the Lords Supper, pacifism, and the ban. Though I may not personally believe all the same things Menno did, I am a strong advocate against baptism in infants. Not growing up in the church, I was never and still have not been baptized. According to Merriam Webster, baptism is a ceremonial immersion in water, or application of water, as an initiatory rite or sacrament of the Christian church, or washing away of sins. Infants in the first year of their lives are not capable of sin, therefore giving no reason for baptism at such a young age. It is my belief that any young adult or adult should be able to choose when they would like to be baptized, because for baptism, one must have accepted Jesus Christ into their lives, heard His word, and believe it before making any changes in their lifestyle. As said in Mark 16:16, Here, faith did not follow baptism, but baptism followed faith. To me, there is no other scripture that better defends against infant baptism and in the New Testament, there is no scripture implying that baptism must be in infants. I also presume communion, drawn from the Lords Supper, as one of the best ways to commemorate Jesus dying for our sins. The wine and bread, representing the body and the blood of Christ, memorializes just how much we are loved and our devotion of our life to Him. Pacifism is a great outlook we should have on life, but in all reality, every dispute cannot be justified and settled by peaceful means.

Public Speaking and the Youth of Todayv Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public Speaking and the Youth of Todayv - Essay Example Since we do and cannot exist on our own we will need to effectively communicate our desires or messages (as this will be referred to later in this paper) to obtain the response we expect and make the communicative act more rewarding. No one is alike in its desires, opinions on certain things, acceptance even in non-acceptance of an idea for everyone is brought up in different environment by different significant others and are exposed to different stimuli. Engaging in a communicative act is, in effect, creating a common ground that will serve as a spring board for consequential interactions. We may study communication or the communicative act in two ways: either as a process and or as an activity. On the one hand, if it will be studied as a process, communication will be explored based on the basic principles involved: thinking, the verbal as well as non-verbal form of communication, the elements involved in the process (i.e source, message, channel, and the receiver), and factors affecting each element in the communicative act. ... Finally, if the communicative act is seen as an activity, the result or the effect of the communicative act will likewise be examined after engaging in a specific form of communication. In a group discussion, for example, emphasis will be on the result-i.e whether a solution has been made. In a persuasive discourse, however, whether the audience is convinced of the ideas presented by the speaker. All of these will be explained in this paper, except, of course the actual presentation of each form. Much of the discussion, however, will focus on public speaking and its effect on one of the most difficult to persuade audience: the youth. The basic guiding principles that will motivate such genre of receiver will be given emphasis in the later part of this paper. The communicative act, as specified earlier, may take different forms. The most common form, so common that it tends to be given least consideration, is intrapersonal communication or "the processes which operate within the individual (Intrapersonal Communication)."In this level of communication an individual acts as both the originating and the responding communicator. It ranges from simply thinking, meditating, and reflecting to talking to one's self or writing oneself a memo. Then there is what is called the interpersonal level of communication. While in the intrapersonal level, both the source and the receiver of the message pertain to an individual, interpersonal communication involves another person. It may take the form of a conversation, a dialogue or an interview. As you might have guessed, two personae are now actively participating, affecting and being affected in the process. The success in this

A survey of student attitudes to university fees Essay

A survey of student attitudes to university fees - Essay Example Example include Market Research Surveys Government Surveys Public Health Surveys Public Opinion Polls Censuses may be another example of quantative research. Although a census does not include a sample/portion of the community, it surely does include many others modern survey methodological aspects such as interviewers and questionnaires. Surveys are an important tool for research. With the help of surveys we may be able to gather precious information not only for research purposes but also for public information. Surveys are not restricted to one field or line of information. Information may be gathered for marketing, sociological, psychological and many other aspects and fields of study (Advanced Research Seminar On Cognitive Aspects Of Survey Methodology & Jabine, 1984). A survey was conducted regarding tuition fees and related issues. Most of the respondents were international which were paying a comparatively high tuition fees. As expected, all of them were of the idea that the tuition fees were high and should be cut down. A few students were happy with their fees but it is believed this was due to the fact that they were either UK home students or EU students. Furthermore, it was highlighted that most of the international students relied on their parents to pay their tuitions fees while a few were dependent on student loans. 80% of the respondents believed that the tuitions fees of UK was considerably higher than their home countries. This may have been said to be due to different economic conditions and foreign exchange risk between the two countries but with 65% respondents claiming the tuitions fees to be considerably more, is a matter to be looked into. Respondents also claimed that such huge tuitions fees is a cause of distress for their parents back home. Few even went on saying that their family could not afford the tuition fees but still managed sending them abroad to study and obtain a degree. The students responding were usually from developing nations which have a bad economic condition as compared to that of UK. They also higlighted that if a parent is to spend so much on one siblings the rest may have to suffer and sacrifice their standard of education. The main reason cited for getting a degree was for the purposes of a job with some respondents thought to be confused of their basis of studying at a university. Nearly all of the students were of the view that the government should be paying for their tuitions fees and ensure that no financial stress and constraint should take place while studying. Respondents also were of the idea that at least some part of the fees if not all should be paid by the government. The recent floating idea of an increase in tuition fees is a prime ongoing debate. It was believed that tuition fees shall be increase further (BBC News, 2012.) After the previous tuition fees rise Parents believe that supporting one of the children had been financially tough and an increase shall only and only increase their burden. Furthermore, parents feared that their children shall be facing huge debts if they plan to obtain a degree. Many students were also of the view that they shall be put off with higher tuition fees (BBC News, 2010). Ttihe increase in tuition fees also witnessed many protests and strikes with students even been arrested (the Guardian,

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 38

Strategic Management - Essay Example According McKienan and Carter, planning enables the company or organization to set priorities focus energies and resources, strengthen operations and ensures employees and stakeholders are working towards a common goal (2000). It helps managers to establish the objectives they want to achieve and the intended outcome from their activities and assess and adjust the organization direction in response to the changing market structure. To achieve all these management needs to come up with a strategic plan that will guide them in management. A strategic plan is a document used to communicate the organizational objectives and goals that focuses on the actions that needed to be taken to realize these goals. Strategic management is guided by that written document. Clark maintains that strategic management transforms the static plan into a structure that provides strategic performance response to decision-making process and enables it to grow and adjust to changes (2004). Execution of the plan is synonymous with management, and it results in a systematic implementation of the plan. A good strategy tends to answer three critical questions that are; where is the organization at the moment? Where does it want to go? And, how will it get there? It should consider the end always. It is not about predicting the future it is about preparing for it with the exact steps the company has to follow in mind in order to gain a competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is what keeps a company ahead of others in the same industry. According to Lowendahl and Revang, a company with a competitive advantage will perform fairly better than the rest in terms of revenue development and customers’ satisfaction (2004). Planning is not guarantee that companies will achieve more competitive advantage over the rest, but it is an essential process that can enhance sustainability of the company in the business. Strategy