Mass spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mass spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy - Essay Example (Ahuja and Alsante, 2003; p.16) Organic chemists define this science as the study of the "quantised interaction of electromagnetic radiations with matter" (Yadav, 2005; p.1). According to Yadav (2005), these electromagnetic emissions are created by the fluctuations of electric charges and the magnetic field existing in the atom. He further said that the various forms of electromagnetic radiation include ultraviolet, infrared, x-rays, microwaves, radio waves, and so on (Yadav, 2005; p.1). There are four methods or measurement techniques used in spectroscopy. These are: mass spectroscopy, or MS; ultraviolet spectroscopy, or UV; infrared spectroscopy, or IR; and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or NMR. The common types of spectroscopy include: astronomical spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform spectroscopy, gamma-ray spectroscopy, and laser spectroscopy. (Flowers and Silver, 2004; p.953) A new technique, Raman spectroscopy, is now considered the fifth spectroscopic measurement technique (Smith and Dent, 2005; p.1) The three main types of spectroscopy/spectrometry include: absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and scattering ... termines the sample's physical properties through the amount of light that the substance scatters at specific wavelengths, incident and polarization angles. The difference between scattering spectroscopy and emission spectroscopy lies in the fact that the scattering process is faster than the absorption or emission process (Flowers and Silver, 2004; p.953; Ahuja and Alsante, 2003; p.16). Mass spectroscopy as a technique offers outstanding structural information of different substances. It can also be a useful tool in separating molecules with little differences in their molecular weight. However, if mass spectroscopy is used as a quantitative measurement technique, its uses can be limited (Ahuja and Alsante, 2003; p.16). In ultraviolet spectroscopy, a sample substance is continuously irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of differing wavelengths. The power or energy which is related with the section of the electromagnetic spectrum matches the difference in power levels among various molecular orbitals. Ultraviolet radiation is created when a sample substance is exposed to a wavelength that equals the variation in energy between an occupied molecular orbital and an unoccupied molecular orbital. (Flowers and Silver, 2004; p.953) Ultraviolet spectroscopy, at a single wavelength, provides little selectivity of analysis (Ahuja and Alsante, 2003; p.16). Infrared spectroscopy, according to Stuart (2004), is definitely one of the most significant analytical measurement techniques that are available to scientists nowadays. (Stuart, 2004; p.1) This method offers precise information for some functional substance groups that present selectivity and allow quantification. (Ahuja and Alsante, 2003; p.16) This technique is based on the atoms' vibrations within a molecule; where an

Marketing Gum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Gum - Essay Example 02). History of Chewing gum In the late twentieth century, chewing gum was exported to the United States of America (USA) from south eastern region of Mexico, known as Yucatan Peninsula. Mexico’s relationship with the USA developed tremendously in relations with the chewing gum market. Apart from modernity and consumer culture, chewing gum also boosts a person’s sporty appearance. Most of the sportsmen were spotted chewing gum during matches, which became a popular concept among teenagers and youth (Redclift, 2004, p. 05). Market of chewing gum in United Kingdom (UK) The market for confectionery in the UK is huge. The per capita consumption of confectionery is 15 kg annually. The chocolate confectionery segment has a market share of 65 % (Gibson and Williams, 2000, p. 265). The sugar free chewing gums are a rage in the UK. Sales of sugar free chewing gums doubled during the period 1993 to 1998. Currently, the market share of sugar free chewing gums is 73 % (Gibson and W illiams, 2000, p. 266). The major reasons of increased sales of chewing gum were due to health factors, it was considered healthy for dental reasons and nasal congestion. The Chewing gum market has made interesting developments gradually. Initially, chewing gums were sold in some basic flavours like mint, vanilla and strawberry. Chewing gum has seen some major modifications. Vitamin and mineral enriched sugar confectionery items are being sold in the UK markets like hot cake (Gibson and Williams, 2000, p. 266). The target market of sugar free confectioneries is the diabetic patients. Sucrose filled confectioneries are being replaced with fructose ones (Gibson and Williams, 2000, p. 266). The following chewing gum brands are popular in the UK market: 1) "Big Red" (Wrigley UK ) 2) Big Babol (Perfetti Van Melle ) 3) Trident Halls and Dentyne (Cadbury Schweppes) Market leaders of chewing gum market- Wrigley’s and Cadbury Schweppes The market leaders of the chewing gum market in t he UK are Wrigley’s and Cadbury Schweppes (Plunkett, 2008, p. 21). Wrigley’s is a subsidiary company owned by the US company â€Å"MARS† it was founded in the year 1891 by William Wrigley Junior (McNamara and Brozyna, 2008, p. 125). Initially, the sales of chewing gum skyrocketed, but in the late 2005 there was a stiff competition from Cadbury Schweppes, who invested heavily in their chewing brands â€Å"Trident and Dentyne† (McNamara and Brozyna, 2008, p. 125). Wrigley’s had dominated the chewing gum market for more than 100 years, but the drastic slide in its sales due to increased competiveness from Cadbury Schweppes made them aware of consumers’ changing taste and preferences. Wrigley revamped its marketing strategy and introduced a variety of chewing gums which were tasty and healthy at the same time (McNamara and Brozyna, 2008, p. 126). Wrigley’s continues to devise new marketing strategy. Recently, it has filed a patent to laun ch a chewing gum that has the effects of mouth wash and the target market would be consumers of all ages (Nieburg, 2013).Wrigley’s has also appointed hollywood actor Antonio Banderas as their brand ambassador (Reynolds, 2013). Key Factors of the External Environment of Chewing Gum Market in UK Economic Factors –The chewing gum market has not been affected due to the recession. This is mainly due to the low price of chewing gums. The consumers have not compromised on their healthy lifestyle. The increase in sales of Cadbury diary milk